The Digester

GLP-1 drugs such as semaglutide and tirzepatide have moved from diabetes care to mass use for weight loss, spawning compounded alternatives, legal fights and new research into benefits and risks.

The FDA warned Novo Nordisk that the company failed to disclose potential risks and did not properly report or follow up on three deaths linked to semaglutide.
GLP-1 drugs such as Ozempic, Wegovy and tirzepatide mimic a gut hormone to boost insulin and reduce appetite, which explains their effects on diabetes and weight.
Surging demand after weight loss approvals triggered shortages and a rise in compounded, non FDA approved versions produced by specialty pharmacies.
Compounded GLP-1 products often use untested additives and custom dosages and are typically sold at lower prices than brand products.
Novo Nordisk sued then dropped a lawsuit against telehealth seller Hims & Hers over sales of compounded GLP-1 formulations.
Early research suggests GLP-1 use may reduce risks of some substance use disorders and can lower cardiovascular risk in certain patients.
Known and potential safety issues include nausea and other gastrointestinal effects, possible bone and muscle loss, and rapid weight regain after stopping treatment.
Long term effects, optimal duration of therapy and broad safety profiles remain unclear, creating a need for more rigorous studies and regulatory oversight.

Beyond weight loss: how the GLP-1 story is evolving

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